2021考研英语(一)真题答案解析无缺版(2021考研英语二完型填空翻译)
小编：本年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，尽管论题不难了解，但不易掌控上下文的条理。需要对文章内容有全部和精准的掌控才干做好。首要内容讲的是尽管烤肉之类的食物是会对安康带来损...
本年完形填空的难度较前两年略难，尽管论题不难了解，但不易掌控上下文的条理。需要对文章内容有全部和精准的掌控才干做好。首要内容讲的是尽管烤肉之类的食物是会对安康带来损害，咱们对这些安康方面的耸人听闻也不可以过度惊惧。归于比照日子的论题。
下面咱们一同来看一下答案及解析。
1.【答案】c on
【解析】此处查询介词词义分析。on a cold winters day意思是在一个严隆冬日。介词on后加具体的某一天；in后加一段时刻，例如in winter，in 2002；toward表方向，不与时刻分配；till意思是直到，例如till tomorrow，till next week，与句意不符。故正确答案为on。
2.【答案】a match
【解析】此处查询动词词义分析。文章的首段首句说到：即便家庭成员不太可以常常坐下来一同吃饭，但数百万英国人将在这个周末参加这个国家最巨大的传统活动之一：周日烤肉。on a cold winters day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. 在一个严寒的冬日，很稀有啥快乐喜爱与之匹配。match 匹配。express表达。satisfy满足，满足；深信；契合。influence影响。
3.【答案】b enjoyment
【解析】此处查询上下文逻辑联络。上文说到周日烤肉是一项开心的活动。后文yet进行语义转机：可是正如如今报导的那样，食物清洁部分认为这种 3 会致使另一种有罪的高兴 4 损害咱们的安康。enjoyment快乐喜爱与上文pleasures和下文another pleasures互为相关信息。patience耐性，耐性。surprise惊喜。concern关怀。
4.【答案】d guaranteed
【解析】 此处查询非谓语动词做后置定语的用法。空格地址句指出：这种高兴会致使另一种有罪的高兴 4 损害咱们的安康。 guaranteed有保证的，必定的，填入空格处意为：这种高兴会致使另一种有罪的高兴，必定会损害咱们的安康。 intensified增强，加剧； privileged享有特权，专用，特许；compelled强逼。
5.【答案】a issued
【解析】此处查询词义分析。the food standards authority (fsa) has __5__ a public warning... 食物标准打点局 一项揭露的警告... issued宣告，发布，宣告；received接收，接到； ignored无视，忽略；canceled撤消。issued a public warning宣告一项揭露的警告契合辞意。
6.【答案】b at
【解析】此处查询介词分析。in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures. under在...下面；for为了；因为；关于； by在…周围; 经过; 因为; 经过。
7.【答案】d avoid
【解析】此处查询上下文逻辑联络。7空句首this mean代词this指代上文高温炙烤的食物里会有化学复合物有害人体身体安康。所以下文提出主张我们大约 7 炸马铃薯，不吃薄皮披萨而且...7空一起也与reject构成语义并排的联络，故avoid正确。forget忘掉；regret 后悔；finish结束。
8.【答案】a partially
【解析】此处查询词义分析+上下文语境。...and only__8__ toast their bread. 8空前文说到主张我们不吃炸马铃薯，薄皮披萨或许只是 8 烤面包。partially有些地，偶尔地；regularly有规则地； easily 简略地；initially开始地。故a选项正确。
9.【答案】d while
【解析】此处查询上下文逻辑联络+逻辑联接词分析。 __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. 9 研讨标明丙烯酰胺可致使小鼠神经损害，可是没有 10 根据标明它会致使人类患癌症。前后句为转机/比照/让步的逻辑联络，故选择while标明尽管，尽管。unless除非，表条件的逻辑联络；since因为，表因果逻辑；if假定，表条件的逻辑联络。
10.【答案】c conclusive
【解析】此处查询词义分析+上下文语境。 9 研讨标明丙烯酰胺可致使小鼠神经损害，可是没有 10 根据标明它会致使人类患癌症。conclusive抉择性的; 令人服气的; 确凿的
secondary第二的，中等的;直接的; external外面的，外部的; 表面上的; 外用的; 外国的; negative低沉的，否定的。
11.【答案】c likely
【解析】此处查询固定分配。be likely to 可以。insufficient 缺乏的，不可的；bound绑缚的，捆绑的，有责任的；slow缓慢的。
12.【答案】a on the basis of
【解析】此处查询短语分析+上下文逻辑。__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the fsa advice. 12 避免性原则，可以说遵从fsa的主张是 13 。 on the basis of以...为基础，根据，依照；at the cost of以...为价值；in addition to除...之外； in contrast to与之相对，相反。
13.【答
案】b advisable
【解析】此处查询描述词词义分析。 根据避免性原则，可以说遵从fsa的主张是 13 。interesting风趣的； advisable正确的，可取的； urgent急迫的； fortunate走运的，走运的。
14.【答案】d after all
【解析】查询逻辑联络。原文中上一句说“根据“避免原则”，可以认为最佳遵从fsa的主张”。本句说“在有根据证明吸烟与癌症之间的联络之前，吸烟致使癌症的传言就现已撒播多年了。联系选项分析，as usual像往常相同，in particular特别，特别，by definition根据界说，after all 究竟，只需after all契合辞意。
15.【答案】c connection
【解析】本题查询动宾分配，联系语境和语句成分了解，这儿的名词放在prove“证明”后边，全体处在不定式中做主语补足语阐明主语evidence，这儿“根据”大约是证明出来（吸烟和肺癌）有联络的，故选择connection。resemblance类似，combination联系，pattern方法，均不契合。
16.【答案】b served
【解析】本题查询主谓分配，此处为被逼语态，和主语a piece of boiled beef 构成实践上的“动宾联络”，句意“毫无疑问，一片煮熟的牛肉总能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一同__16__”。这儿served up 标明“上菜，端上”正和辞意。而其他选项made制造，saved节约，used运用，均不契合。
17.【答案】a to be fair
【解析】本题查询主谓分配，上一句说“可是生命值得过下去吗？”本句?担坝sa标明，它并没有告诉我们....不吃烘焙食物”，可见后文并没有对上文进行举例（for instance）或总结（to be brief）或标明常常发生的作业（in general），故，大约选择顺承联络的to be fair。
18.【答案】b entirely
【解析】此处查询副词的润饰联络。本句话句意为“英fsa标明，它并没有告诉我们不吃烘焙食物__18__”。联系各选项分析：reluctantly不甘心地，entirely完全地，gradually逐步地，carefully留心稳重地，能跟前面的否定词not照顾运用标明一种有些否定的，只能是entirely才适合，not ...entirely标明“并未完全...”。
19.【答案】c campaign
【解析】本题查询主谓分配。根据原文语境“可是，他们（fsa）的...有风险给人一种‘劝诱式’保姆的感触” ，答案campaign标明“（打开的）运动，活动”放在这儿最适合。promise承诺，experience阅历或经历，competition竞赛，均不能体现这篇文章中fsa所做行为的代称。
20.【答案】d end up
【解析】查询动宾分配，这儿的句义是“持续不断的安康挟制__20__却没有人在听。”这儿想偏重太多的的对安康的惊惧的最结束果，只需“结束，以...告终”这个意义最契合，所以选择end up， 而follow up跟踪，坚持结束，pick up捡起，捡起，偶尔学到，open up翻开，开发，均不契合文义。
section ⅱ reading comprehension
part a
directions:
read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. （40 points）
text 1
21.copper and her colleague argue that a award would ___.
a. consolidate the town city ties in britain
b. promote cooperation among brains towns
c. increase the economic strength of brains towns
d. focus brains limited resources on cultural events.
22.according to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..
a.a sensible compromise
b.a self-deceiving attempt
c.an eye-catching bonus
d.an inaccessible target
23. the author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______
a. endeavor to maintain its image
b. meets the aspiration of its people
c. brings its local arts to prominence
d. commits to its long-term growth
24. “glasgow” is mentioned in paragraph 3 to present ______
a. a contrasting case
b. a supporting example
c. a background story
d. a related topic
25. what is the authors attitude towards the proposal?
a. skeptical b. objective c. favorable d. critical
21 c increase the economic strength of britain’s towns
这道题是细节题。题干问库珀和她的火伴们认为“文明之城”这一奖项可以会怎样可以定位在第一段第三句：“cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for hull,……” “赫尔之冠”的成功并不捆绑于城市，它为赫尔带来了2.2亿欧元的出资和许多艺术作品。英国的乡镇，的确没有被阻挡请求，但他们一般短少本钱来凑齐一点来打败他们更大的竞赛对手。有人认为，“文明之城”奖可以变成一项年度活动，招引资金并创造作业机缘。所以能看出答案是c. 增强英国乡镇的经济实力。
22 b a self-deceiving attempt
该题是揣度题, 题干问:根据第二段，这一提议或许会被一些人认为是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可以会把这个提议看作是一个嘘声，因为英国现已不能再请求更有声威的欧洲文明之都的称谓了……” 能看出来有些人是持不和情绪的。许多人不知道boo，可是也能从后边的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在绝望地为英国退欧后的世界重塑形象之际，英国即将不见在一场无休止的自我庆祝热潮之中. 接下来几个反问句，能看出来是一种自我诈骗的测验，所以选择b。
23 d commits to its long-term growth
该题也是细节题, 题干问:作者认为这个头衔的持有者是成功的只需它……可以定位到第三段第三句，这些头衔真实成功的持有者，是那些除了为酒店带来收入、带来引人凝视的艺术活动和一年的杰出报导之外，还做了许多作业的人。它们改动了当地居民的期望;他们将城市的自我形象面向更斗胆、更旷达的一面。所以能看出只需他把尽力于村庄的长时刻打开中，这个头衔就会是成功的。
24 a. a contrasting case
这题是写作意图题， 题干说：第3段说到格拉斯哥是为了账亟欢。可以定位到第三段倒数第一句。可以看到前面有显着的but， 晓得和前面的意思成相反。“这个疑问很难处置，需要高度的真知灼见，也需要城市当局、私营部分、社区集体和文明组织之间的协作。但这是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作为欧洲文明之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列凌乱的要素之一，这些要素把这座城市变成了艺术、音乐和戏曲的力气，直到今日。”
25 d favourable
这题是作者情绪题，问作者关于这个主张的情绪。第一段是提出该主张。第二段是一些人认为这个主张有点揄扬。而只需最终一段能看出作者对此主张的情绪，“一个“文明之城”不只是是艺术之城，而且要尊敬一个城市的特征——协助坚持它的商业街，撑持当地的设备，最重要的是赞许它的公民，并将其转化为行为。”所以能看出是活泼撑持的情绪。
text 2
scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. scientists need joumals in which to publish
their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
with the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
the dutch giant elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than ￡900m last year, while uk universities alone spent more than ￡210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
the most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of sci-hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. the success of sci-hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
in britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. in some ways it has been very successful. more than half of all british scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. these range from around ￡500 to $5,000. a report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. in some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. in both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money partly because________
[a] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .
[b] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[c] its payment for peer review is reduced.
[d] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. according to paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers elsevier have________
[a] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[b] gone through an existential crisis.
[c] revived the publishing industry.
[d] financed researchers generously.
28. how does the author feel about the success of sci-hub?
[a] relieved.
[b] puzzled.
[c] concerned
[d] encouraged.
29. it can be learned from paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[a]allow publishers some room to make money.
[b] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[c] reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[d] free universities from financial burdens.
30. which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
[a] trial subscription is offered.
[b] labour triumphs over status.
[c] costs are well controlled.
d] the few feed on the many.
26, 细节题 d its content acquisition cost nothing
根据题干中要害词a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门作业，因为它是获得方位和出产科学常识的中心要素。正确选项d，acquisition原词， for free替换选项中的，cost nothing.
27, 细节题 a thrived mainly on universities libraries
根据题干要害词elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，the dutch giant elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while uk universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,该公司上一年获利跨越4.9亿英镑 可是仅英国大学在2016年就花费了跨越2.1亿英镑。正确选项a 首要依托大学图书馆 为定位句的附和表达
28情绪题 b concerned
根据题干中要害词sci-hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， the success of sci- hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants这标明法令生态体系在其用户中现已失掉了合法性，有必要进行改造，以便为一切参加者效能. 可见作者关于sci- hub的成功采纳否定情绪，正确选项b concerned担忧，忧虑。a relieved宽慰的，c puzzled利诱的属差错选项， d encouraged鼓舞的，正反混杂
29揣度题 a allow publishers some room to make money
根据题干要害词open access定位到第四段，最终一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取费用是将来出书商可以获利，a选项为同义替换。b render publishing much easier for scientists使宣告对科学家来说简略得多 .c reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出书本钱 d. free universities from financial burdens使大学脱节财务担负
30 细节题 d the few feed on the many
根据题干要害词scientific publishing model定位到最终一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.劳作力被免费供给，以交流方位的期望，而一些运营商场的大公司则获得了巨额获利。 可知稀有些作者免费劳作，大有些公司盈利，a选项为同义替换
text 3
progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. but all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
a pair of bills sponsored by massachusetts state senator jason lewis and house speaker pro tempore patricia haddad, to ensure on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
haddad and lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. in order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. if the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
the bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. in signing the measure, california governor jerry brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
the us supreme court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an .
but are such government mandates even necessary? female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?
the number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. according to a study by catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. that is exactly what happened when norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
wrting in the new republic, alice lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to aphenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.
31. the author believes that the bills sponsored by lewis and haddad wills________
[a] help little to reduce gender bias.
[b] pose a threat to the state government.
[c] raise womens position in politics.
[d] greatly broaden career options.
32. which of the following is true of the california measure?
[a] it has irritated private business owners.
[b] it is welcomed by the supreme court,
[c] it may go against the constitution.
[d] it will settle the prior controversies.
33. the author mentions the study by catalyst to ilustrate____
[a] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[b] the importance of constitutional guaranees.
[c] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[d] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____
[a] the underestimation of elite womens role.
[b] the objection to female participation on boards.
[c] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[d] the growing tension between labor and management.
35. which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[a] womens need in employment should be considered.
[b] feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[c] everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[d] major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
31 情绪题 a help little to reduce gender bias
纵观全文，文章一向在论说该法案，在最终一段作者提出了自个的主意，下次有人把公司配额作为推进性别对等的一种方法。请记住，这些根柢上都是自私自利的办法，让他们的赞助商感触杰出，但其实并没有啥协助，由此可见作者对此法案采纳否定情绪，a help little to reduce gender bias对削减性别成见没啥协助为同义替换的正确选项
32 细节题 c it may go against the constitution
根据题干中的要害词 california measures定位到原文第五段第二句，because the california law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of violate 违背宪法，选项c against替换violate为正确选项
33. 例子题 d the needlessness of government interventions
根据题干中catalyst替换到第7段，观念为上一句the number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在没有政府的情况下，公司董事会中的妇女人数一向在稳步添加。可见d选项中the needlessness of government interventions政府干与的不必要性
34 细节题 c the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
根据norway定位到倒数第三段第一句，需求将性别作为董事会成员的首要资历，必定会致使私营部分董事会削减。紧接着下文董事会成员的机缘越来越多，却没有合格的女人来担任董事会成员， 由此可见会有不合格的人进入董事会，正确选项c 不合格提名人进入董事会
35 揣度 b feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最终一段可知，下次有人把公司配额作为推进性别对等的一种方法。请记住，这些根柢上都是自私自利的办法，让他们的赞助商感触杰出，但其实并没有啥协助。由此可知该方针并不可以取，正确选项b可行性应是抉择计划的首要思考要素
text 4
last thursday, the french senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax
on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in france. digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. many french politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“gafa tax, meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as 谷歌, apple, facebook and amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the united states.
the digital services tax now awaits the signature of president emmanuel macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. but it has already sparked significant controversy, with the unite sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against american companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against france.
the french tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. these have included britains sep (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. at the same time, the european union, spain, britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
these unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. in other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.
in response to these many unilateral measures, the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2021 on an international solution. both france and the united states are involved in the organizations digital services tax and the american response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
france‘s planned tax is a clear warning: unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and american companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36. the french senate has passed a bill to_____
[a] regulate digital services platforms.
[b] protect french companies interests .
[c] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[d] curb the influence of advertising.
37. it can be learned from paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____
[a] may trigger countermeasures against france.
[b] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[c] aims to ease international trade tensions.
[d] will prompt the tech giants to quit france.
38. the countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____
[a] redistribution of tech giants revenue must be ensured.
[b] the current international tax system needs upgrading.
[c] tech multinationals monopoly should be prevented.
[d] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. it can be learned from para 5 that the oecos current work_____
[a] is being resisted by us companies.
[b] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[c] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[d] needs to in involve more countries.
40. which of the following might be the. best title for this text?
[a] france is confronted with trade sanctions
[b] france leads the charge on digital tax
[c] france says to tech multinationals
[d] france demands a role in the digital economy
36. 【c】 impose a levy on tech multinationals 细节题。根据题干直接定位到第一段第一句话 a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services…;选项c中的“levy”和“tax”同义复现；“tech multinationals” 和digital services 同义复现。因而c为正确答案，奇遇选项均未体现。
37.【a】may trigger countermeasures against france 揣度题。根据提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句话but it has already sparked significant controversy,…,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against france（这现已致使了无量的抵挡，…, 反过来也会致使关于法国的生意制裁）和选项a相共同；其间选项中的“trigger”和原文的“lead to”同义复现，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同义复现。其他选项均未体现。
38.【b】the current international tax system needs upgrading 细节题。根据题干定位到第四段最终一句话 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy(他们都认为世界税收体系并未跟上其时经济局势)。选项b当前的世界税收体系需要晋级是该句话的反义复现。其他选项均为体现。
39.【c】is faced with uncertain prospects 细节题。根据提干定位到第五段最终一句话”raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system（关于世界税收体系的将来充溢疑虑）”和选项c相共同。其间选项中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raise questions”同义复现，“prospects”和原文中的 “future”同义复现。
40【b】france leads the charge on digital tax 主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题查询的是文章的主旨粗心。b 选项里的 tax是贯穿全文的主旨词；而文章以法国对数字效能纳税为起点，全文描绘了包括法国在内的其它国家对全球税收体系的担忧，因而选项b和文章的主旨相契合。剩下选项均选项未能体现文章要害词和全文主旨。
part bdirections:
in the following text, some sentences have been removed. for questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist a-g to fit into each of the numbered blanks. there are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. mark your answers on answer sheet. (10 points)
[a] eye fixactions are brief
[b] too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude
[c] eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[d] personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[e] biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[f] most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[g] eye contact can also be aggressive.
in a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. but it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. here s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
41. ________________
we know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist monica moore.
42.________
neuroscientist bonnie augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. this was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
43.________
with the use of eye-tracking technology, julia minson of the harvard kennedy school of government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation while eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it said minson.
44.________
when we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. these pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. how the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
45.________
in people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the finnish researcher jari hietanen and colleagues. our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ- a more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
41.答案：c. eye contact can be a friendly social signal
解析：本段第三句说了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最终一句也说：目光触摸和浅笑能signal availability and confidence发送可用性和自傲的信号。都阐明目光触摸是个友善的交际信号。 因而选c。
42.答案：e
解析：本段第一句就呈现了hormone 荷尔蒙，此外，本段中呈现的oxytocin催产素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms孑立症谱系表现等词都阐明是在聊生物要素。最终一句中还有explore探究，brain scanning 脑部扫描。所以选e
43. 答案：g
解析：本段第一句就说了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation目光触摸根据不怜惜况会宣告不一样的消息。下一句骨干说在晦气环境中，会与dominance分配or intimidation威吓有相关。因而g为正确答案。
44．答案：a
解析 ：本段第一句就说到了time，第二句理解地说到了these pauses typically occur at about three per second，一般每秒三次，充分阐明很快，所以选a。
45. 答案：d
解析：第一句话中就有personality。在引证中转机之后，but their brain reactions also differ我们脑部反应不一样，最终一句话愈加清楚说到高负能量的人更觉得被人直视令人不舒畅。因而选d。
part c translationdirections:
read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into chinese. your translation should be written neatly on the answer sheet. (10 points)
following the explosion of creativity in florence during the 14th century known as the renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. it turned from god and the authority of the roman catholic church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. renaissance ideas had spread throughout europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.with （the gap between） the churchs teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
during the renaissance, the great minds of nicolaus copernicus, johannes kepler and galileo galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe. copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the earth, but the sun, a system that was later upheld by galileo at his own expense. offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. galileo was excommunicated by the church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
48. despite attempts by the church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the church -could no longer ignore. it was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
the churchs long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. this very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through europe during most of the 17th century. 49. as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the age of reason.
the 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the latin phrase, after immanuel kant used it in his essay an answer to the question: what is enlightenment? it was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
46.with （the gap between） the churchs teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
因为文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方法之间的间隔被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的间隔得以弥合，致使了新的和未开发的常识领域。
47. before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe.
每个启示呈现之前，其时的许多思维家都选用更为陈旧的思维方法，包括地心说的观念，该观念认为地球是咱们世界的中心。
48. despite attempts by the church to sop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
尽管束堂做出许多测验去限制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，可是更多关于世界是如何运作的探究正在以我们难以无视的速度进行着。
49. as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.
合理许多人尽力于测验把推理和科学道理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的年代到来了。
50. such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the latin phrases ‘sapere aude’ or ’dare to know’.
这些探究常识而且了解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“sapere aude”或英文“dare to know”描绘。
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为 the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged(中世纪和现代时期之间的间隔得以弥合)2. with （the gap between） the churchs teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance做伴随状语，其间being eclipsed是with+宾语+宾补规划的一有些。
3. leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories如今分词作成果状语。
【参阅译文】
因为文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方法之间的间隔被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的间隔得以弥合，致使了新的和未开发的常识领域。
47. before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe.
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking(其时的许多思维家都选用更为陈旧的思维方法) ，其间 at the time作后置定语润饰many thinkers 。
2. before each of their revelations有些为时刻状语。
3. including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe，分词作后置定语润饰ways of thinking，其间that后是同位语从句润饰限制view。
【参阅译文】在每个启示之前，其时的许多思维家都选用更为陈旧的思维方法，包括地心说的观念，该观念认为地球是咱们世界的中心。
48) despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made(更多关于世界是如何运作的探究正在进行着)，其间for后边是how引导的宾语从句。
2. despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists
做方法状语，其间to suppress...作后置定语润饰attempts
3. that people could no longer ignore做定语从句润饰rate。
【参阅译文】
尽管束堂做出许多测验去限制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，可是更多关于世界是如何运作的探究正在以我们难以无视的速度进行着。
49) as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the renaissance was over and it was time for an age of reason.
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era. （文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的年代到来了），是两个并排单句。
2. as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world为时刻状语从句，as译为“当.......啥时分”
(1) took on the duty，意思为“承担责任”
(2) of后是介宾短语作后置定语润饰duty。
【参阅译文】
合理许多人尽力于测验把推理和科学道理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的理性年代到来了。
50) such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the latin phrases‘sapere aude’or‘dare to know’.
【解析】
1. 本句是一简略句，骨干的谓语动词是were captured
2. to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew 有些是不定式作后置定语，润饰such actions，其间what information we already knew是 understand 的宾语从句。
【参阅译文】
企图去寻求常识和了解咱们已有信息这种行为由拉丁文词语 ‘sapere aude’ 或 ‘dare to know’来描绘。
section iv writingpart adirections: the student union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest. write a notice in about100 words. write your answer on the answer sheet. do not use your name in the notice.
notice
december 21, 2021
一段：to ensure that students from overseas have abundant extracurricular activities, i am writing to inform you of some relevant information with regard to the singing competition.
二段：this event will be held in the auditorium of our university on may 10, 2021, and it will start at 7 and end at 10 o’clock in the evening. at the opening ceremony, our headmaster will make clear that the purpose of the competition is to enrich the extracurricular activities of the students on campus. participants will be from different majors in our university. then is the time for the singing contest.
三段：we are looking forward to seeing you there. you will have memorable and happy time in this event.
the student union
part b52: directions:
write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. in your essay, you should:
1) describe the picture briefly;
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments
下面咱们一同来看一下答案及解析。
1.【答案】c on
【解析】此处查询介词词义分析。on a cold winters day意思是在一个严隆冬日。介词on后加具体的某一天；in后加一段时刻，例如in winter，in 2002；toward表方向，不与时刻分配；till意思是直到，例如till tomorrow，till next week，与句意不符。故正确答案为on。
2.【答案】a match
【解析】此处查询动词词义分析。文章的首段首句说到：即便家庭成员不太可以常常坐下来一同吃饭，但数百万英国人将在这个周末参加这个国家最巨大的传统活动之一：周日烤肉。on a cold winters day, few culinary pleasures can __2__it. 在一个严寒的冬日，很稀有啥快乐喜爱与之匹配。match 匹配。express表达。satisfy满足，满足；深信；契合。influence影响。
3.【答案】b enjoyment
【解析】此处查询上下文逻辑联络。上文说到周日烤肉是一项开心的活动。后文yet进行语义转机：可是正如如今报导的那样，食物清洁部分认为这种 3 会致使另一种有罪的高兴 4 损害咱们的安康。enjoyment快乐喜爱与上文pleasures和下文another pleasures互为相关信息。patience耐性，耐性。surprise惊喜。concern关怀。
4.【答案】d guaranteed
【解析】 此处查询非谓语动词做后置定语的用法。空格地址句指出：这种高兴会致使另一种有罪的高兴 4 损害咱们的安康。 guaranteed有保证的，必定的，填入空格处意为：这种高兴会致使另一种有罪的高兴，必定会损害咱们的安康。 intensified增强，加剧； privileged享有特权，专用，特许；compelled强逼。
5.【答案】a issued
【解析】此处查询词义分析。the food standards authority (fsa) has __5__ a public warning... 食物标准打点局 一项揭露的警告... issued宣告，发布，宣告；received接收，接到； ignored无视，忽略；canceled撤消。issued a public warning宣告一项揭露的警告契合辞意。
6.【答案】b at
【解析】此处查询介词分析。in some foods cooked __6__ high temperatures. under在...下面；for为了；因为；关于； by在…周围; 经过; 因为; 经过。
7.【答案】d avoid
【解析】此处查询上下文逻辑联络。7空句首this mean代词this指代上文高温炙烤的食物里会有化学复合物有害人体身体安康。所以下文提出主张我们大约 7 炸马铃薯，不吃薄皮披萨而且...7空一起也与reject构成语义并排的联络，故avoid正确。forget忘掉；regret 后悔；finish结束。
8.【答案】a partially
【解析】此处查询词义分析+上下文语境。...and only__8__ toast their bread. 8空前文说到主张我们不吃炸马铃薯，薄皮披萨或许只是 8 烤面包。partially有些地，偶尔地；regularly有规则地； easily 简略地；initially开始地。故a选项正确。
9.【答案】d while
【解析】此处查询上下文逻辑联络+逻辑联接词分析。 __9__ studies have shown that acrylamide can cause neurological damage in mice, there is no __10__ evidence that it causes cancer in humans. 9 研讨标明丙烯酰胺可致使小鼠神经损害，可是没有 10 根据标明它会致使人类患癌症。前后句为转机/比照/让步的逻辑联络，故选择while标明尽管，尽管。unless除非，表条件的逻辑联络；since因为，表因果逻辑；if假定，表条件的逻辑联络。
10.【答案】c conclusive
【解析】此处查询词义分析+上下文语境。 9 研讨标明丙烯酰胺可致使小鼠神经损害，可是没有 10 根据标明它会致使人类患癌症。conclusive抉择性的; 令人服气的; 确凿的
secondary第二的，中等的;直接的; external外面的，外部的; 表面上的; 外用的; 外国的; negative低沉的，否定的。
11.【答案】c likely
【解析】此处查询固定分配。be likely to 可以。insufficient 缺乏的，不可的；bound绑缚的，捆绑的，有责任的；slow缓慢的。
12.【答案】a on the basis of
【解析】此处查询短语分析+上下文逻辑。__12__ the precautionary principle, it could be argued that it is __13__ to follow the fsa advice. 12 避免性原则，可以说遵从fsa的主张是 13 。 on the basis of以...为基础，根据，依照；at the cost of以...为价值；in addition to除...之外； in contrast to与之相对，相反。
13.【答
案】b advisable
【解析】此处查询描述词词义分析。 根据避免性原则，可以说遵从fsa的主张是 13 。interesting风趣的； advisable正确的，可取的； urgent急迫的； fortunate走运的，走运的。
14.【答案】d after all
【解析】查询逻辑联络。原文中上一句说“根据“避免原则”，可以认为最佳遵从fsa的主张”。本句说“在有根据证明吸烟与癌症之间的联络之前，吸烟致使癌症的传言就现已撒播多年了。联系选项分析，as usual像往常相同，in particular特别，特别，by definition根据界说，after all 究竟，只需after all契合辞意。
15.【答案】c connection
【解析】本题查询动宾分配，联系语境和语句成分了解，这儿的名词放在prove“证明”后边，全体处在不定式中做主语补足语阐明主语evidence，这儿“根据”大约是证明出来（吸烟和肺癌）有联络的，故选择connection。resemblance类似，combination联系，pattern方法，均不契合。
16.【答案】b served
【解析】本题查询主谓分配，此处为被逼语态，和主语a piece of boiled beef 构成实践上的“动宾联络”，句意“毫无疑问，一片煮熟的牛肉总能在周日和一些蒸蔬菜一同__16__”。这儿served up 标明“上菜，端上”正和辞意。而其他选项made制造，saved节约，used运用，均不契合。
17.【答案】a to be fair
【解析】本题查询主谓分配，上一句说“可是生命值得过下去吗？”本句?担坝sa标明，它并没有告诉我们....不吃烘焙食物”，可见后文并没有对上文进行举例（for instance）或总结（to be brief）或标明常常发生的作业（in general），故，大约选择顺承联络的to be fair。
18.【答案】b entirely
【解析】此处查询副词的润饰联络。本句话句意为“英fsa标明，它并没有告诉我们不吃烘焙食物__18__”。联系各选项分析：reluctantly不甘心地，entirely完全地，gradually逐步地，carefully留心稳重地，能跟前面的否定词not照顾运用标明一种有些否定的，只能是entirely才适合，not ...entirely标明“并未完全...”。
19.【答案】c campaign
【解析】本题查询主谓分配。根据原文语境“可是，他们（fsa）的...有风险给人一种‘劝诱式’保姆的感触” ，答案campaign标明“（打开的）运动，活动”放在这儿最适合。promise承诺，experience阅历或经历，competition竞赛，均不能体现这篇文章中fsa所做行为的代称。
20.【答案】d end up
【解析】查询动宾分配，这儿的句义是“持续不断的安康挟制__20__却没有人在听。”这儿想偏重太多的的对安康的惊惧的最结束果，只需“结束，以...告终”这个意义最契合，所以选择end up， 而follow up跟踪，坚持结束，pick up捡起，捡起，偶尔学到，open up翻开，开发，均不契合文义。
section ⅱ reading comprehension
part a
directions:
read the following four texts. answer the questions below each text by choosing a, b, c or d. mark your answers on the answer sheet. （40 points）
text 1
21.copper and her colleague argue that a award would ___.
a. consolidate the town city ties in britain
b. promote cooperation among brains towns
c. increase the economic strength of brains towns
d. focus brains limited resources on cultural events.
22.according to paragraph 2, the proposal might be regarded by some as ______..
a.a sensible compromise
b.a self-deceiving attempt
c.an eye-catching bonus
d.an inaccessible target
23. the author suggests that a title holder is successful only if it ______
a. endeavor to maintain its image
b. meets the aspiration of its people
c. brings its local arts to prominence
d. commits to its long-term growth
24. “glasgow” is mentioned in paragraph 3 to present ______
a. a contrasting case
b. a supporting example
c. a background story
d. a related topic
25. what is the authors attitude towards the proposal?
a. skeptical b. objective c. favorable d. critical
21 c increase the economic strength of britain’s towns
这道题是细节题。题干问库珀和她的火伴们认为“文明之城”这一奖项可以会怎样可以定位在第一段第三句：“cooper and her colleagues argue that the success of the crown for hull,……” “赫尔之冠”的成功并不捆绑于城市，它为赫尔带来了2.2亿欧元的出资和许多艺术作品。英国的乡镇，的确没有被阻挡请求，但他们一般短少本钱来凑齐一点来打败他们更大的竞赛对手。有人认为，“文明之城”奖可以变成一项年度活动，招引资金并创造作业机缘。所以能看出答案是c. 增强英国乡镇的经济实力。
22 b a self-deceiving attempt
该题是揣度题, 题干问:根据第二段，这一提议或许会被一些人认为是…….。 可以定位在第二段第一句“some might see the proposal as a boo by prize for the fact that……”“有些人可以会把这个提议看作是一个嘘声，因为英国现已不能再请求更有声威的欧洲文明之都的称谓了……” 能看出来有些人是持不和情绪的。许多人不知道boo，可是也能从后边的on the verge of disappearing into an endless fever of self-celebration in its desperation to reinvent itself for,在绝望地为英国退欧后的世界重塑形象之际，英国即将不见在一场无休止的自我庆祝热潮之中. 接下来几个反问句，能看出来是一种自我诈骗的测验，所以选择b。
23 d commits to its long-term growth
该题也是细节题, 题干问:作者认为这个头衔的持有者是成功的只需它……可以定位到第三段第三句，这些头衔真实成功的持有者，是那些除了为酒店带来收入、带来引人凝视的艺术活动和一年的杰出报导之外，还做了许多作业的人。它们改动了当地居民的期望;他们将城市的自我形象面向更斗胆、更旷达的一面。所以能看出只需他把尽力于村庄的长时刻打开中，这个头衔就会是成功的。
24 a. a contrasting case
这题是写作意图题， 题干说：第3段说到格拉斯哥是为了账亟欢。可以定位到第三段倒数第一句。可以看到前面有显着的but， 晓得和前面的意思成相反。“这个疑问很难处置，需要高度的真知灼见，也需要城市当局、私营部分、社区集体和文明组织之间的协作。但这是可以做到的:格拉斯哥作为欧洲文明之都的一年，可以被看作是一系列凌乱的要素之一，这些要素把这座城市变成了艺术、音乐和戏曲的力气，直到今日。”
25 d favourable
这题是作者情绪题，问作者关于这个主张的情绪。第一段是提出该主张。第二段是一些人认为这个主张有点揄扬。而只需最终一段能看出作者对此主张的情绪，“一个“文明之城”不只是是艺术之城，而且要尊敬一个城市的特征——协助坚持它的商业街，撑持当地的设备，最重要的是赞许它的公民，并将其转化为行为。”所以能看出是活泼撑持的情绪。
text 2
scientific publishing has long been a licence to print money. scientists need joumals in which to publish
their research, so they will supply the articles without monetary reward. other scientists perform the specialised work of peer review also for free, because it is a central element in the acquisition of status and the production of scientific knowledge.
with the content of papers secured for free, the publisher needs only fnd a market for its journal. until this century, university libraries were not very price sensitive. scientific publishers routinely report profit margins approaching 40% on their operations, at a time when the rest of the publishing industry is in an existential crisis.
the dutch giant elsevier, which claims to publish 25% of the scientific papers produced in the world,made profits of more than ￡900m last year, while uk universities alone spent more than ￡210m in 2016 toenable researchers to access their own publicly funded research; both figures seem to rise unstoppably despite increasingly desperate efforts to change them.
the most drastic, and thoroughly illegal, reaction has been the emergence of sci-hub, a kind of global photocopier for scientific papers, set up in 2012, which now claims to offer access to every paywalled article published since 2015. the success of sci-hub, which relies on researchers passing on copies they have themselves legally accessed, shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants.
in britain the move towards open access publishing has been driven by funding bodies. in some ways it has been very successful. more than half of all british scientific research is now published under open access terms: either freely available from the moment of publication, or paywalled for a year or more so that the publishers can make a profit before being placed on general release.
yet the new system has not worked out any cheaper for the universities. publishers have responded to the demand that they make their product free to readers by charging their writers fees to cover the costs of preparing an article. these range from around ￡500 to $5,000. a report last year pointed out that the costs both of subscriptions and of these’’article preparation costs’’ had been steadily rising at a rate above inflation. in some ways the scientific publishing model resembles the economy of the social internet: labour is provided free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places. in both cases, we need a rebalancing of power.
26. scientific publishing is seen as“a licence to print money partly because________
[a] its funding has enjoyed a steady increase .
[b] its marketing strategy has been successful.
[c] its payment for peer review is reduced.
[d] its content acquisition costs nothing.
27. according to paragraphs 2 and 3, scientific publishers elsevier have________
[a] thrived mainly on university libraries.
[b] gone through an existential crisis.
[c] revived the publishing industry.
[d] financed researchers generously.
28. how does the author feel about the success of sci-hub?
[a] relieved.
[b] puzzled.
[c] concerned
[d] encouraged.
29. it can be learned from paragraphs 5 and 6 that open access terms________
[a]allow publishers some room to make money.
[b] render publishing much easier for scientists.
[c] reduce the cost of publication substantially.
[d] free universities from financial burdens.
30. which of the following characterises the scientific publishing model?
[a] trial subscription is offered.
[b] labour triumphs over status.
[c] costs are well controlled.
d] the few feed on the many.
26, 细节题 d its content acquisition cost nothing
根据题干中要害词a licence to print money because ,定位到第一段第二句，其他科学家也免费进行同行评议的专门作业，因为它是获得方位和出产科学常识的中心要素。正确选项d，acquisition原词， for free替换选项中的，cost nothing.
27, 细节题 a thrived mainly on universities libraries
根据题干要害词elsevier定位到第三段第一句话，the dutch giant elsevier, ....made profits of more than 490m last year. while uk universities alone spent more than 210m in 2016,该公司上一年获利跨越4.9亿英镑 可是仅英国大学在2016年就花费了跨越2.1亿英镑。正确选项a 首要依托大学图书馆 为定位句的附和表达
28情绪题 b concerned
根据题干中要害词sci-hub的成功定位到第四段第二句， the success of sci- hub, .... have themselves legally accessed shows the legal ecosystem has lost legitimacy among its users and must be transformed so that it works for all participants这标明法令生态体系在其用户中现已失掉了合法性，有必要进行改造，以便为一切参加者效能. 可见作者关于sci- hub的成功采纳否定情绪，正确选项b concerned担忧，忧虑。a relieved宽慰的，c puzzled利诱的属差错选项， d encouraged鼓舞的，正反混杂
29揣度题 a allow publishers some room to make money
根据题干要害词open access定位到第四段，最终一句 ...so that the publishers can make a profit before...,合理收取费用是将来出书商可以获利，a选项为同义替换。b render publishing much easier for scientists使宣告对科学家来说简略得多 .c reduce the cost of publication substantiality 降低出书本钱 d. free universities from financial burdens使大学脱节财务担负
30 细节题 d the few feed on the many
根据题干要害词scientific publishing model定位到最终一段第五句，labour is provided places free in exchange for the hope of status, while huge profits are made by a few big firms who run the market places.劳作力被免费供给，以交流方位的期望，而一些运营商场的大公司则获得了巨额获利。 可知稀有些作者免费劳作，大有些公司盈利，a选项为同义替换
text 3
progressives often support diversity mandates as a path to equality and a way to level the playing field. but all too often such policies are an insincere form of virtue-signaling that benefits only the most privileged and does little to help average people.
a pair of bills sponsored by massachusetts state senator jason lewis and house speaker pro tempore patricia haddad, to ensure on boards and commissions, provide a case in point.
haddad and lewis are concerned that more than half the state-government boards are less than 40 percent female. in order to ensure that elite women have more such opportunities, they have proposed imposing government quotas. if the bills become law, state boards and commissions will be required to set aside 50 percent of board seats for women by 2022.
the bills are similar to a measure recently adopted in califomia, which last year became the first state to require gender quotas for private companies. in signing the measure, california governor jerry brown admitted that the law, which expressly classifies people on the basis of sex, is probably unconstitutional.
the us supreme court frowns on sex-based classifications unless they are designed to address an .
but are such government mandates even necessary? female participation on corporate boards may not currently mirror the pereentage of women in the general population, but so what?
the number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government interference. according to a study by catalyst, between 2010 and 2015 the share of women on the boards of global corporations increased by 54 percent.
requiring companies to make gender the primary qualification for board membership will inevitably lead to less experienced private sector boards. that is exactly what happened when norway adopted a nationwide corporate gender quota.
wrting in the new republic, alice lee notes that increasing the number of opportunities for board membership without increasing the pool of qualified women to serve on such boards has led to aphenomenon, where the same clite women scoop up multiple seats on a variety of boards.
next time somebody pushes corporate quotas as a way to promote gender equity, remember that such policies are largely self-serving measures that make their sponsors feel good but do litle to help average women.
31. the author believes that the bills sponsored by lewis and haddad wills________
[a] help little to reduce gender bias.
[b] pose a threat to the state government.
[c] raise womens position in politics.
[d] greatly broaden career options.
32. which of the following is true of the california measure?
[a] it has irritated private business owners.
[b] it is welcomed by the supreme court,
[c] it may go against the constitution.
[d] it will settle the prior controversies.
33. the author mentions the study by catalyst to ilustrate____
[a] the harm from arbitrary board decision.
[b] the importance of constitutional guaranees.
[c] the pressure on women in global corporations.
[d] the needlessness of government interventions.
34. norways adoption of a nationwide corporate gender quota has led to____
[a] the underestimation of elite womens role.
[b] the objection to female participation on boards.
[c] the entry of unqualified candidates into the board.
[d] the growing tension between labor and management.
35. which of the following can be inferred from the text?
[a] womens need in employment should be considered.
[b] feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking.
[c] everyone should try hard to promote social justice.
[d] major social issues should be the focus of legislation.
31 情绪题 a help little to reduce gender bias
纵观全文，文章一向在论说该法案，在最终一段作者提出了自个的主意，下次有人把公司配额作为推进性别对等的一种方法。请记住，这些根柢上都是自私自利的办法，让他们的赞助商感触杰出，但其实并没有啥协助，由此可见作者对此法案采纳否定情绪，a help little to reduce gender bias对削减性别成见没啥协助为同义替换的正确选项
32 细节题 c it may go against the constitution
根据题干中的要害词 california measures定位到原文第五段第二句，because the california law applies to all boards, ... courts are likely to rule that the law violate the constitutional guarantee of violate 违背宪法，选项c against替换violate为正确选项
33. 例子题 d the needlessness of government interventions
根据题干中catalyst替换到第7段，观念为上一句the number of women on corporate boards has been steadily increasing without government . 在没有政府的情况下，公司董事会中的妇女人数一向在稳步添加。可见d选项中the needlessness of government interventions政府干与的不必要性
34 细节题 c the entry of unqualified candidates into the board
根据norway定位到倒数第三段第一句，需求将性别作为董事会成员的首要资历，必定会致使私营部分董事会削减。紧接着下文董事会成员的机缘越来越多，却没有合格的女人来担任董事会成员， 由此可见会有不合格的人进入董事会，正确选项c 不合格提名人进入董事会
35 揣度 b feasibility should be a prime concern in policymaking 由最终一段可知，下次有人把公司配额作为推进性别对等的一种方法。请记住，这些根柢上都是自私自利的办法，让他们的赞助商感触杰出，但其实并没有啥协助。由此可知该方针并不可以取，正确选项b可行性应是抉择计划的首要思考要素
text 4
last thursday, the french senate passed a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax
on large multinationals that provide digital services to consumers or users in france. digital services include everything from providing a platform for selling goods and services online to targeting advertising based on user data, and the tax applies to gross revenue from such servces. many french politicians and media outlets have referred to this as a“gafa tax, meaning that it is designed to apply primarily to companies such as 谷歌, apple, facebook and amazon- in other words, multiational tech companies based in the united states.
the digital services tax now awaits the signature of president emmanuel macron, who has expressed support for the measure, and it could go into effect within the next few weeks. but it has already sparked significant controversy, with the unite sates trade representative opening an investigation into whether the tax discriminates against american companies, which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against france.
the french tax is not just a unilateral move by one country in need of revenue. instead, the digital services tax is part of a much larger trend, with countries over the past few years proposing or putting in place an alphabet soup of new international tax provisions. these have included britains sep (significant economic presence) test, to name but a few. at the same time, the european union, spain, britain and several other countries have all seriously contemplated digital services taxes.
these unilateral developments differ in their specifics, but they are all designed to tax multinationals on income and revenue that countries believe they should have a right to tax, even if international tax rules do not grant them that right. in other words, they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep ;up with the current economy.
in response to these many unilateral measures, the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd) is currently working with 131 countries to reach a consensus by the end of 2021 on an international solution. both france and the united states are involved in the organizations digital services tax and the american response raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system.
france‘s planned tax is a clear warning: unless a broad consensus can be reached on reforming the international tax system, other nations are likely to follow suit, and american companies will face a cascade of different taxes from dozens of nations that will prove burdensome and costly.
36. the french senate has passed a bill to_____
[a] regulate digital services platforms.
[b] protect french companies interests .
[c] impose a levy on tech multinationals.
[d] curb the influence of advertising.
37. it can be learned from paragraph 2 that the digital services tax _____
[a] may trigger countermeasures against france.
[b] is apt to arouse criticism at home and abroad.
[c] aims to ease international trade tensions.
[d] will prompt the tech giants to quit france.
38. the countries adopting the unilateral measures share the opinion that _____
[a] redistribution of tech giants revenue must be ensured.
[b] the current international tax system needs upgrading.
[c] tech multinationals monopoly should be prevented.
[d] all countries ought to enjoy equal taxing rights.
39. it can be learned from para 5 that the oecos current work_____
[a] is being resisted by us companies.
[b] needs to be readjusted immediately.
[c] is faced with uncertain prospects.
[d] needs to in involve more countries.
40. which of the following might be the. best title for this text?
[a] france is confronted with trade sanctions
[b] france leads the charge on digital tax
[c] france says to tech multinationals
[d] france demands a role in the digital economy
36. 【c】 impose a levy on tech multinationals 细节题。根据题干直接定位到第一段第一句话 a digital services tax, which would impose an entirely new tax on large multinationals that provide digital services…;选项c中的“levy”和“tax”同义复现；“tech multinationals” 和digital services 同义复现。因而c为正确答案，奇遇选项均未体现。
37.【a】may trigger countermeasures against france 揣度题。根据提干定位到第二段，第二段第二句话but it has already sparked significant controversy,…,which in turn could lead to trade sanctions against france（这现已致使了无量的抵挡，…, 反过来也会致使关于法国的生意制裁）和选项a相共同；其间选项中的“trigger”和原文的“lead to”同义复现，“sanction”和“countermeasure”同义复现。其他选项均未体现。
38.【b】the current international tax system needs upgrading 细节题。根据题干定位到第四段最终一句话 “they all share a view that the international tax system has failed to keep up with the current economy(他们都认为世界税收体系并未跟上其时经济局势)。选项b当前的世界税收体系需要晋级是该句话的反义复现。其他选项均为体现。
39.【c】is faced with uncertain prospects 细节题。根据提干定位到第五段最终一句话”raise questions about what the future holds for the international tax system（关于世界税收体系的将来充溢疑虑）”和选项c相共同。其间选项中的“uncertain”和原文中的“raise questions”同义复现，“prospects”和原文中的 “future”同义复现。
40【b】france leads the charge on digital tax 主旨题。题干中的title为标题题的信息，所以此题查询的是文章的主旨粗心。b 选项里的 tax是贯穿全文的主旨词；而文章以法国对数字效能纳税为起点，全文描绘了包括法国在内的其它国家对全球税收体系的担忧，因而选项b和文章的主旨相契合。剩下选项均选项未能体现文章要害词和全文主旨。
part bdirections:
in the following text, some sentences have been removed. for questions 41 -45, choose the most suitable one from the fist a-g to fit into each of the numbered blanks. there are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. mark your answers on answer sheet. (10 points)
[a] eye fixactions are brief
[b] too much eye contact is instinetively felt to be rude
[c] eye contact can be a friendly social signal
[d] personality can affect how a person reacts to eye contact
[e] biological factors behind eye contact are being investigated
[f] most people are not comfortable holding eye contact with strangers
[g] eye contact can also be aggressive.
in a social situation, eye contact with another person can show that you are paying attention in a friendly way. but it can also be antagonistic such as when a political candidate tums toward their competitor during a debate and makes eye contact that signals hostility. here s what hard science reveals about eye contact:
41. ________________
we know that a typical infant will instinctively gaze into its mother can signal availability and confidence,a common-sense notion supported in studies by psychologist monica moore.
42.________
neuroscientist bonnie augeung found that the hormone oxytocin increased the amount of eye contact from men toward the interviewer during a brief interview when the direction of their gaze was recorded. this was also found in high- functioning men with some autistic spectrum symptoms, who may tend to avoid eye contact. specific brain regions that respond during direct gaze are being explored by other researches, using advanced methods of brain scanning.
43.________
with the use of eye-tracking technology, julia minson of the harvard kennedy school of government concluded that eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages, depending on the situation while eye contact may be a sign of connection or trust in friendly situations, it said minson.
44.________
when we look at a face or a picture, our eyes pause on one spot at a time, often on the eyes or mouth. these pauses typically occur at about three per second, and the eyes then jump to another spot, until several important points in the image are registered like a series of snapshots. how the whole image is then assembled and perceived is still a mystery although it is the subject of current research.
45.________
in people who score high in a test of neuroticism, a personality dimension associated with self-consciousness and anxiety, eye contact triggered more activity associated with avoidance, according to the finnish researcher jari hietanen and colleagues. our findings indicate that people do not only feel different when they are the centre of attention but that their brain reactions also differ- a more direct finding is that people who scored high for negative emotions like anxiety looked at others for shorter periods of time and reported more comfortable feelings when others did not look directly at them.
41.答案：c. eye contact can be a friendly social signal
解析：本段第三句说了，“can be a complimentary significant of paying attention”，此外本段最终一句也说：目光触摸和浅笑能signal availability and confidence发送可用性和自傲的信号。都阐明目光触摸是个友善的交际信号。 因而选c。
42.答案：e
解析：本段第一句就呈现了hormone 荷尔蒙，此外，本段中呈现的oxytocin催产素，hign-functioning高官能，autistic spectrum symptoms孑立症谱系表现等词都阐明是在聊生物要素。最终一句中还有explore探究，brain scanning 脑部扫描。所以选e
43. 答案：g
解析：本段第一句就说了eye contact can signal very different kinds of messages，depending on the situation目光触摸根据不怜惜况会宣告不一样的消息。下一句骨干说在晦气环境中，会与dominance分配or intimidation威吓有相关。因而g为正确答案。
44．答案：a
解析 ：本段第一句就说到了time，第二句理解地说到了these pauses typically occur at about three per second，一般每秒三次，充分阐明很快，所以选a。
45. 答案：d
解析：第一句话中就有personality。在引证中转机之后，but their brain reactions also differ我们脑部反应不一样，最终一句话愈加清楚说到高负能量的人更觉得被人直视令人不舒畅。因而选d。
part c translationdirections:
read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into chinese. your translation should be written neatly on the answer sheet. (10 points)
following the explosion of creativity in florence during the 14th century known as the renaissance, the modern world saw a departure from what it had once known. it turned from god and the authority of the roman catholic church and instead favoured a more humanistic approach to being. renaissance ideas had spread throughout europe well into the 17th century, with the arts and sciences flourishing extraordinarily among those with a more logical disposition. 46.with （the gap between） the churchs teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
during the renaissance, the great minds of nicolaus copernicus, johannes kepler and galileo galilei demonstrated the power of scientific study and discovery. 47. before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe. copernicus theorized in 1543 that in actual fact, all of the planets that we knew of revolved not around the earth, but the sun, a system that was later upheld by galileo at his own expense. offering up such a theory during a time of high tension between scientific and religious minds was branded as heresy,and any such heretics that continued to spread these lies were to be punished by imprisonment or even death. galileo was excommunicated by the church and imprisoned for life for his astronomical observations and his support of the heliocentric principle.
48. despite attempts by the church to strong-arm this new generation of logicians and rationalists, more explanations for how the universe functioned were being made,and at a rate that the people-including the church -could no longer ignore. it was with these great revelations that a new kind of philosophy founded in reason was born.
the churchs long-standing dogma was losing the great battle for truth to rationalists and scientists. this very fact embodied the new ways of thinking that swept through europe during most of the 17th century. 49. as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world. the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era-the age of reason.
the 17th and 18th centuries were times of radical change and curiosity. scientific method,reductionism and the questioning of church ideals was to be encouraged, as were ideas of liberty, tolerance and progress. 50. such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the latin phrase, after immanuel kant used it in his essay an answer to the question: what is enlightenment? it was the purpose and responsibility of great minds to go forth and seek out the truth, which they believed to be founded in knowledge.
46.with （the gap between） the churchs teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance, the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged, leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories.
因为文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方法之间的间隔被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的间隔得以弥合，致使了新的和未开发的常识领域。
47. before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe.
每个启示呈现之前，其时的许多思维家都选用更为陈旧的思维方法，包括地心说的观念，该观念认为地球是咱们世界的中心。
48. despite attempts by the church to sop suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
尽管束堂做出许多测验去限制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，可是更多关于世界是如何运作的探究正在以我们难以无视的速度进行着。
49. as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era.
合理许多人尽力于测验把推理和科学道理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的年代到来了。
50. such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the latin phrases ‘sapere aude’ or ’dare to know’.
这些探究常识而且了解已知信息的行为可以用拉丁文“sapere aude”或英文“dare to know”描绘。
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为 the gap between the medieval and modern periods had been bridged(中世纪和现代时期之间的间隔得以弥合)2. with （the gap between） the churchs teachings and ways of thinking being eclipsed by the renaissance做伴随状语，其间being eclipsed是with+宾语+宾补规划的一有些。
3. leading to new and unexplored intellectual territories如今分词作成果状语。
【参阅译文】
因为文艺复兴时期教会的教义和思维方法之间的间隔被消除，中世纪和现代时期之间的间隔得以弥合，致使了新的和未开发的常识领域。
47. before each of their revelations, many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking, including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe.
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为many thinkers at the time had sustained more ancient ways of thinking(其时的许多思维家都选用更为陈旧的思维方法) ，其间 at the time作后置定语润饰many thinkers 。
2. before each of their revelations有些为时刻状语。
3. including the geocentric view that the earth was at the centre of our universe，分词作后置定语润饰ways of thinking，其间that后是同位语从句润饰限制view。
【参阅译文】在每个启示之前，其时的许多思维家都选用更为陈旧的思维方法，包括地心说的观念，该观念认为地球是咱们世界的中心。
48) despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists，more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made at a rate that people could no longer ignore.
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为more explorations for how the universe functioned were being made(更多关于世界是如何运作的探究正在进行着)，其间for后边是how引导的宾语从句。
2. despite attempts by the church to suppress this new generation of logicians and rationalists
做方法状语，其间to suppress...作后置定语润饰attempts
3. that people could no longer ignore做定语从句润饰rate。
【参阅译文】
尽管束堂做出许多测验去限制新一代的逻辑学家和理性主义者，可是更多关于世界是如何运作的探究正在以我们难以无视的速度进行着。
49) as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world, the renaissance was over and it was time for an age of reason.
【解析】
1. 本句骨干为the renaissance was over and it was time for a new era. （文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的年代到来了），是两个并排单句。
2. as many took on the duty of trying to integrate reasoning and scientific philosophies into the world为时刻状语从句，as译为“当.......啥时分”
(1) took on the duty，意思为“承担责任”
(2) of后是介宾短语作后置定语润饰duty。
【参阅译文】
合理许多人尽力于测验把推理和科学道理融入到世界时，文艺复兴结束了，而此时一个新的理性年代到来了。
50) such actions to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew were captured by the latin phrases‘sapere aude’or‘dare to know’.
【解析】
1. 本句是一简略句，骨干的谓语动词是were captured
2. to seek knowledge and to understand what information we already knew 有些是不定式作后置定语，润饰such actions，其间what information we already knew是 understand 的宾语从句。
【参阅译文】
企图去寻求常识和了解咱们已有信息这种行为由拉丁文词语 ‘sapere aude’ 或 ‘dare to know’来描绘。
section iv writingpart adirections: the student union of your university has assigned you to inform theinternational students an upcoming singing contest. write a notice in about100 words. write your answer on the answer sheet. do not use your name in the notice.
notice
december 21, 2021
一段：to ensure that students from overseas have abundant extracurricular activities, i am writing to inform you of some relevant information with regard to the singing competition.
二段：this event will be held in the auditorium of our university on may 10, 2021, and it will start at 7 and end at 10 o’clock in the evening. at the opening ceremony, our headmaster will make clear that the purpose of the competition is to enrich the extracurricular activities of the students on campus. participants will be from different majors in our university. then is the time for the singing contest.
三段：we are looking forward to seeing you there. you will have memorable and happy time in this event.
the student union
part b52: directions:
write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. in your essay, you should:
1) describe the picture briefly;
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments
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